In earlier blogs I have discussed some of the reasons why I think we are finding it so hard to get along with people who have different outlooks than we. So far, I have not ventured outside the United States, but I think the problems we face are human ones and not limited to our nation. To understand why it is not just an American problem is important to finding a solution, but for now I am going to stay with us. I will expand the scope of my analysis in future blogs.
Up to this point, I have identified racism as a major factor in causing our difficulties. We are becoming a nation with no majority group, and many whites are very worried about this inevitability and what it will mean for the nation and for them. I have suggested that Trump’s popularity has a lot to do with those fears. But there is more to the problem than racism, and in this blog, I want to explore another cause of societal alienation.
In past blogs, I have pointed out that many of the values and ideas I grew up with have been cast aside by contemporary Americans (not to mention Western Europeans.) As a result, alcohol is available every day, everywhere, recreational drugs are coming to legalized in more and more states, sexuality is more openly expressed in its many forms, and marriage, to many, seems to be a dying institution. Our population is stagnant, even declining, in part because sex is now possible without consequences (birth control and abortion), and many women are choosing careers over motherhood. This is also true, where it is possible, over much of the globe. These changes are celebrated by some, (I will call them liberals) and deplored by others (conservatives), but all recognize the validity of what I am pointing out. Either way, this reality is a major source of our deep divisions.
Climate change is another area that divides us. In this case, we are divided over the reality of what is happening, or at least over its cause. The same group that celebrates the changes I mentioned above are most concerned about global warming and its consequences. They also accept what most scientists offer as the cause: too much use of fossil fuels. They also support major governmental action to curb such use. On the other hand, those who deplore the social changes I mentioned above, tend either to downplay global warming, or to suggest that it is a judgment from God for all the social changes they deplore. Either way, for them draconian reforms that might harm the economy are not worth the cost, especially if what we really need to do is to “get right with God”, as most of them see it.
Obviously, included in this point is an overall disagreement about the role of government. Unfortunately, both sides have lately resorted to describing the other in pseudo-historical terms like “Fascism” for those who are conservative, and “Communism” for those who liberal. In truth, neither group has ever been very strong in America, nor are they today. Indeed, I would suggest that it is unhelpful to use either term to describe the behaviors one disapproves of. MTG, whom I deplore, as I have made plain on a number of occasions, does not fit the description of a Fascist and neither does Trump. And even professed socialist Democrats, like Sanders, are not even close to being communists. The people who specialize in crazy conspiracy theories like QAnon are not identifiable with any past ideology, and as crazy as their ideas are, they are a contemporary phenomenon made possible by the internet and social media. It is not illuminating of their behavior to call them Fascists.
It is fair to say that, on the conservative side of this divide, there has been a loss of faith in democracy. But to be honest, it was never as strong among those individuals as it was among those to their left. From the earliest days of our republic, there has been those who feared the masses, and as the masses became more non-white, that fear has only increased. So, it is not surprising that the Republican Party in Georgia and around the country spent last year trying to make voting more difficult, and the Democrats to make it more inclusive. But neither group is Fascist or Communist for doing so.
I expect I could mention more sources of our social and intellectual divide today, but I think we have enough to work with for what I do want to discuss. Behind our deep divide in America, and much of the world, is a fundamentally different attitude toward the modern world, which has produced all the social changes I have described. Those who approve of allowing gays to marry, or people to have abortions, or mixed racial marriages, tend to be comfortable with the world the way it has been evolving since the seventeenth century. They also tend not to be religiously conservative, if they are religious at all, as are those who oppose the things I mentioned.
Let me give you some examples of what I am talking about. In 2004, on Christmas Day, there was a tsunami off the coast of Indonesia that took the lives of about 250,000 people. Six months later, I found an article in a Canadian journal that listed the various reasons people have given for this tragedy. Scientists pointed out that an earthquake was the cause and suggested better early warning systems would have saved lives. The folks I am calling liberals were happy with this explanation. But many among the conservatives were not. They preferred a divine explanation. The Christians among this group blamed Islam and said God was punishing Muslims for their beliefs and, no doubt, for the sins committed by Radical Islamists as well. Muslims blamed fellow Muslims for not being faithful about their daily prayers, or other sins. A Jewish Rabbi in Jerusalem suggested that God was generally unhappy with human behavior, and a Hindu in India suggested it was because of the arrest of a Hindu leader for murder.
To be sure, most religious people of all faiths agreed with the scientists. But there is a group of people who belong to all sorts of religions who are profoundly unhappy with our tendency to rely upon scientific explanations for what happens in our world. They recognize that the role for God has been vastly diminished in the last 300 years. Before the modern world, everything that happened was in some way a result of divine action. Now, everything has to be explained by some scientific law or social scientific principle. Time was when mental illness was explained by demons; now demons are relegated to entertainment. I suspect that this is the reason many of these conservatives are so hostile to Harry Potter. Witches are evil and not supposed to be the stuff of heroes.
More to the point for my conservatives, to suggest that humans are causing global warming is to suggest that God is not in charge, but we are. From their perspective, if God wanted the climate problems to cease, they would cease, and until He chooses to do it, global climate problems will continue and even get worse. Obviously, those of us who follow science on this matter, would agree that until something changes, things will get worse, much worse. But we think the problem is of our own making, not God’s. And the solution lies in our actions, not in repentance or prayer. (Unless it is prayer to change the hearts of those who don’t recognize the nature of the problem.) Clearly, two different world views are operating here, and that makes working together very difficult.
One other illustration must suffice for making my point. Once when I was at the Tellus Museum planetarium I overheard a father of two young boys, coming out of the presentation, say “Remember boys, it’s only a theory.” I don’t know what he was concerned about, but I suspect that his universe has only about 6000 years to play with, and what they heard about in the presentation would have required billions to accomplish. This is another area of difficulty between the two distinctive world views that I have been describing.
Christian conservatives also reject evolution because it contradicts the Bible; indeed, any scientific idea that contradicts a literal understanding of scripture, as they understand scripture, must be similarly rejected. It simply cannot be true or the Bible itself is false and their faith is a lie.
In the late Middle Ages, some thinkers came up with a way to reconcile scripture and what they observed in nature called the “doctrine of the two truths”. Basically, it suggested there was one truth for the ordinary person, which was based on scripture and the authority of the church. The other truth was for the scientists who obeyed the truths of their observations. To be sure, the authorities did not see it that way; but since the modern world came to dominate Western European and American thinking, after the Enlightenment, the doctrine of the two truths is about all that conservative religious groups can hope for. Scientific truth has become the norm, and religious deviation has very little influence in the matter. And conservative religious thinkers are very much aware of their situation.
I have often suggested that people today can be divided into four groups. One group I call the ultra-modernists insist the only scientific questions are real questions, and only scientific answers can be true. So, the question of God’s existence, for instance, is a non-question, certainly one that cannot be proven (agnosticism); therefore, it must be dismissed. This is sometimes called “scientism.”
On the other extreme is my second group whom I call “neo-traditionalists.” They maintain that only questions compatible with their religious views are legitimate, and only answers compatible with their religious views can be true. As I mentioned, for some Evangelical Christians, evolution cannot be true because it violates scripture, as they understand it. Some also reject relativity for the same reason.
Most people don’t belong to either of these groups. Instead, I suggest, most people belong to my third group. I don’t have a good name for them so I will use “bothworlders”. Not very pretty, but perhaps clarifying. This group lives in both worlds. They accept the basic scientific view of reality. But they also know that many important questions, like the existence of God, cannot be answered through science, and they look to their philosophies or religions to deal with such questions. This is a more complex approach to life because absolute certainty is hard to come by, and there are many places where the two worlds this group inhabits collide.
Oh, the fourth group? I call them “the Rhett Butler Contingent.” “Frankly my dear,” he said to Scarlet, “I don’t give a damn.” This group does not have a lot of influence, but I mention them in the interest of completeness.
“What does all this amount to,” I can hear you saying. “How does it relate to the problem of our divided world?” In the middle of the twentieth century, Thomas S. Kuhn published a book entitled The Structure of Scientific Revolution, which suggested, among other things, that once a scientific model, he called it a “paradigm”-comes to be accepted, every practitioner of science discards the old ideas and embraces this new one. Old scientists die off and the younger ones, trained in the new understanding, didn’t know anything about the older view anyway. This happens, he suggested, because these two scientific models are “incommensurable.” I am not sure he was right about old paradigms totally dying out, but I think incommensurability is very helpful if we allow for more than one social “paradigm” in America today. It helps to explain why our divide is so great. We simply cannot understand what one another is talking about.
I have attended several Evolution-Creationism conferences in my time and inevitably, the two sides talk past one another. There is simply no ground of commonality. I find that to be true in our society as well. It seems rather obvious to me that Trump lost the last election. But to many Republicans, the only thing obvious about that election is that it was stolen. I am certain of the soundness of my reality, but so are they.
What this means is that there will be no easy resolution to our dilemma. The best we can hope for is to promote acceptance of our differences. Here I think the folks in groups one and three (with whom I tend to side) could help promote a little more comity if they were more tolerant of the folks in group two, whom I realize tend not to be very tolerant of us. But our point of view is in the majority and controls most of the media and almost all the academic teaching and publishing world. The conservatives are threatened, and I can understand why. Modernism has been attacking and eroding traditional ways of life since it arose.
It is particularly unhelpful to insist that because ones scientific approach leaves him/her no place for any divine actor, acceptance of scientific ideas that have borne the test of time like relativity and evolution require that everyone reach the same philosophical/theological conclusion thy have. This was the gist of Richard Dawkin’s the Blind Watchmaker. In the first place, they don’t, but more to the point, it is asking too much of people to expect them to embrace a scientific idea if it means losing their eternal salvation. They will always find a way to reject the science. The cost is too high.
Instead, I recommend Stephen Gould’s approach. He waged war with creationism throughout his career, but he also wrote a thoughtful book, Rocks of Ages, in which he sought to find common ground with them. As he put it, both groups are guided by what he termed “non-overlapping magisteria” and the two can get along amiably if they agree to recognize our differences. I know, it is a rather post-modern conclusion for someone like me who does not care for post-modernism to come to. But that is where I am now. If you have any other ideas, please comment.